Population figures
Total country population
89,809,781
Forcibly displaced population
Refugees (under UNHCR's mandate):
3,764,517
Asylum-seekers:
0
IDPs (of concern to UNHCR):
0
Other people in need of international protection:
0
Other
Statelessness persons
0
Host community
0
Others of concern to UNHCR
0
Country context
Iran has been a host to one of the largest refugee populations globally, particularly from Afghanistan, for over four decades. The majority of refugees are living primarily in urban areas across Iran, including major cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Shiraz. A smaller proportion resides in refugee settlements. The refugees and asylum-seekers in Iran are categorized based on various documentation status, with some holding Amayesh and Hoviat cards, while others possess temporary permits or remain undocumented.
Iran’s legal framework does not include a formal asylum system. Refugees in Iran are generally governed by laws for foreign nationals, and their access to rights and services depends on their documentation status. Those with Amayesh and Hoviat cards benefit from broader protections, including access to healthcare, education, and limited employment opportunities, while those without such documentation face restrictions and vulnerability.
...In June 2023, Iran launched a new initiative to harmonize the documentation of foreign nationals, introducing a Unified Smart ID card for those with valid residence permits, which started with Amayesh cardholders. This initiative aims to streamline the process and enhance access to services. Additionally, in January 2024, a financial scheme was introduced allowing foreign nationals to secure a residence booklet through investments in Iran’s infrastructure, although it is still unclear how this scheme will affect all refugee groups.
Despite providing access to basic public services, such as healthcare and education, for refugees, the system faces challenges. Many Afghan children struggle to enroll due to limited space and stricter policies. The economic conditions are also difficult, with refugees often working in informal sectors under precarious conditions. This limits their access to formal employment and financial services.
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